Different language translations
The original HM-PRO is written in current (UK) English. If it is required to make a translation of the HM-PRO into another language, it is essential to contact us to seek permission. We will check that there is not already a translation underway and liaise over the validation process. It is essential that a detailed translation procedure is followed to ensure that the translation is valid.
Translation procedure
At the very minimum, two independent translators need to translate the HM-PRO from English into the alternative language. These two translators then discuss their translations and agree on a single translation in the alternate language. At this stage a third and fourth translator are asked to independently back-translate the alternate language version into English. The back-translations then need to be reviewed by the copyright holders. Nearly always small problems become apparent at this stage and it is necessary for further changes to be made in the alternative language translation. This then needs to be validated by a further process of back-translation. Finally, the agreed translation has to be pretested in a group of potential subjects in a process described as cognitive debriefing.
Cognitive debriefing: In brief, a small number of patients (e.g. 5 to 10) are enrolled representing the population that would be completing the questionnaire in the future. They are asked to complete the questionnaire, the time needed to complete it is measured, and they are asked about the clarity, understandability, wording of the questions (items), and whether there are any question (item) that might need changing of the wording and whether the questions (items) are easily comprehensible and clear. Similar questions are asked about the response categories. If subjects raise any issues about the wording or the format of the questions (items), they are asked their opinion on how to improve this. This process has to be done for every single question, one by one. There is no need for a control population. The target population has to be representative of the population in which the questionnaire will be eventually used.
We require a final report before approving the final version of the translation to be used. Once a translation is approved by us, we place the translation on this website.
In summary, steps involved in the whole process of translation and linguist validation include:
- Preparation
- Forward translation
- Reconciliation
- Back translation
- Back translation review
- Harmonisation
- Pilot testing/cognitive debriefing
- Review of cognitive debriefing results and finalisation
- Final report
- FAQs
The copyright for all translations is retained by the original copyright holders and is not transferred or shared with any additional individuals or organisations even though they may have been involved in the translation.